The Definition of Bivalve

A bivalve is an animal that has two hinged shells, which are called valves. All bivalves are mollusks.  Examples of bivalves are clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops. Bivalves are found in both freshwater and marine environments.   Characteristics of Bivalves There are about 10,000 species of bivalves.Bivalves range in size from less than a millimeter to close to 5 feet (e.g., the giant clam). A bivalves shell is formed of calcium carbonate that is secreted from the bivalves  mantle, which is the soft wall of the animals body. The shell grows as the organism inside gets bigger. Not all bivalves have externally visible shells - some are small, some are not even visible. Shipworms are a bivalve that doesnt have a very visible shell - their shell is made up of two valves at the worms anterior (back) end. Bivalves have a foot, but not an obvious head. They also dont have a radula or jaws. Some bivalves move around (e.g., scallops), some burrow  into the sediment (e.g., clams)  or even rocks, and some attach to hard substrates (e.g, mussels). Smallest and Largest Bivalves The smallest bivalve is thought to be the saltwater clam  Condylonucula maya. This species has a shell that is less than a millimeter in size. The largest bivalve is the giant clam. The valves of the clam may be over 4 feet long, and the clam itself may weigh over 500 pounds.    Bivalve Classification Bivalves are found in the  Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia. Where Are Bivalves Found? Marine bivalves are found around the world, from polar regions to tropical waters and from shallow tide pools to deep-sea hydrothermal vents.   Feeding - Them and You Many bivalves feed by filter feeding, in which they draw water over their gills, and tiny organisms collect in the organisms gill mucus. The also breathe by drawing fresh oxygen from the water as it passes over their gills. When you eat a shelled bivalve, youre eating the body or a muscle inside.  When youre eating a scallop, for example, youre eating the adductor muscle. The adductor muscle is a round, meaty muscle that the scallop uses to open and close its shell. Reproduction Some bivalves have separate sexes, some are hermaphroditic (have male and female sex organs). In most cases, reproduction is sexual with external fertilization. The embryos develop in the water column and go through a larval stage before eventually developing their shell.   Human Uses Bivalves are some of the most important seafood species. Oysters, scallops, mussels, and clams are popular selections at just about every seafood restaurant. According to NOAA, the commercial value of bivalve harvests in 2011 was over $1 billion, just in the U.S.   This harvest weighed over 153 million pounds.   Bivalves are organisms particularly vulnerable to climate change and ocean acidification. Increasing acidity in the ocean is affecting the ability for bivalves to effectively build their calcium carbonate shells.   Bivalve Used in a Sentence The blue mussel is a bivalve - it has two equally-sized, hinged shells that fit together and enclose the animals soft body. References and Further Information Geller, J. B. 2007. Bivalves.  In  Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press, p. 95-102.Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Condylonucula maya D.R. Moore, 1977. Accessed December 30, 2015.Lindberg, D.R. 2007. Molluscs, Overview.  In  Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press, p. 374-376.Martinez, Andrew J. 2003.  Marine Life of the North Atlantic. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc.: New York.NOAA, National Ocean Service. What Is a Bivalve Mollusk?  Accessed December 30, 2015.

Animal Experimentation Should Be Carried Out At All Essay

Tra Son Do Eng 1A Professor Haviland Date: 11/23/2016 Research paper first draft Animal Experimentation Humanity has a long history of experimentations on animals, especially in the medical and cosmetic field. â€Å"Each year, 26 million animals in the United States are used for animal testing† (United States Department of Agriculture). Many people argue that humanity would not be where it is today if people did not rely on animal testing. However, many other people believe that animal experimentation is not necessary and leads to the suffering and death of millions of animals. People on both sides debate whether animal testing should be carried out at all. Nevertheless, despite the belief that animal testing is beneficial, testing animals is actually immoral and should be abandoned. First, several people voice their opinions that animal experimentation is beneficial to humans. For a long time, scientists have used animals to test medical treatment to verify the toxicity of new medications or the safety of a product that will be used on people. They think that it is unethical and illegal to expose human patients to new medicines without being confident that they are likely to benefit and not be seriously harmed. According to Professor Bateson, president of the Zoological Society of London, the only alternative is to use the most suitable animal to study a particular disease or function. Scientists need to know how the human body works for the benefit of humankind; therefore, asShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Animal Testing859 Words   |  4 Pagesuse non-human test subjects by medical research institutions. Animals used for experimentation can provide extremely important information due to their physical and genetic similarities to humans. The tradeoff to furthering the field of medical science is that often times these experiments result in pain, suffering, and death of the test subjects. This raises serious ethical and moral questions about the use of animal experimentation. It is a matter of serious debate as to whether the use of livingRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned848 Words   |  4 Pages As a society we have failed to notice, it’s everywhere. The animal testing footprint. Aeroguard, Chapstick, Michael Kors, Palmolive and Dettol: these common household brands all have the dark footprints of animal experimentation embedded into it. Each year over 6.5 million animals are brutally tested, killed or harmed in Australia and New Zealand, for many brands across the nation. You may think that Animal Testing has nothing to do with you but the real truth is, it does. It’s unavoidable toRead MoreEssay about The Ethics and Limitations of Animal Research 1550 Words   |  7 Pages The moral status of animals is an issue of much debate in Science. According to The Royal Society, the oldest scientific academy nowadays, it would have been impossible for science and medicine to develop so without animal research (â€Å"The Use of Non-Human Animals in Research†, 2004). Nevertheless, do the human medical benefits really justify the animal suffering in animal research? If so, what should are the possible considerations and limitations related to the matter? It appears to be a challengeRead MoreThe Annual Yulin Dog Meat Eating Festival1018 Words   |  5 Pagespopular topic of discussion for Animal Rights Activists in the last few months. This festival consists of thousands of dogs ... be[ing] butchered, beaten to death, skinned alive and eaten, every June, a tradition that has happened for many years ( STOP THE YULIN, 2014). This petition on Change.org has raised over 4,355,743 signatures as of today, even though the festival for this year has already occu rred. This type of support is monumental, but what about the animals that are tested on in UnitedRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing Should Be Outlawed1110 Words   |  5 Pagesto Biology Online, animal experimentation is defined as the use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicity, dosing and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. Animal experimentation has been going on since ancient Greece when Aristotle and Hippocrates first made their model of the human body based on what they had observed through animal dissection. Then, Romans used animals to do more psychological tests on animals like pigs, monkeysRead MoreArguments Against Animal Testing1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to mind when thinking about animal experimentation? Thoughts of innocent, lovable animals being stabbed with sharp needles? Well, that is not exactly the case, as animal experimentation plays a very important role in human health today . However, the idea of animals testing has become quite a controversial topic. Over the past few decades, there has been an extensive debate over the use of animals in medical and product testing. The majority of people seem to think that it is an unnecessaryRead MoreAnimals In Experimentation. This Essay Will Explore The1684 Words   |  7 Pages Animals in Experimentation This essay will explore the benefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledgeRead MoreThis Essay Will Explore The Benefit Of Animals Being Used1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledge known to man now was found through animal experimentation. SuchRead MoreIs Animal Testing Justified?3683 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Whether animal experimentation is justified or not has been undecided for many decades. Many years back, the debate was carried out by animal rights groups which were led by the Cambridge University to get rid of its plan for a primate research in 2004. Since this debate, many supporters have become more confident in speaking out what they believe and getting their points across to people. In this written report, I will be including both sides of the argument which enable me toRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything from beauty products

Why do we care so much Free Essays

Introduction. People generally search for positive feedback pertaining to the self, in order to maintain a positive self-image. People also generally do not seek external feedback that accurately reflects their self-image, but rather a fair looking glass that displays positive images of the self, which serve to protect their personal self-esteem. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do we care so much? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Brehm, Cassin, Fein, 5th ed. 1998) Definition. Along these lines, Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model states that the performance of others in our social environments can affect our self-evaluations, (Taylor Brown, 1988). When a person we are close to performs well on a task, what will determine whether we will react positively or negatively to that behavior? Factors. There are three (3) influential factors that lead to having positive or negative thoughts on others successes when dealing with the self. They are crucial in understanding the idea of self-esteem maintenance. The factors are Performance, Closeness, and Importance. Performance is the most straight forward, and states that one will make decisions about their feelings towards others, based on how well that person performed on the same task that another has already completed. lecture 2/13/03) This is made by a measurement of some sort. In this case, Satoka got a higher grade then Steve and Sarah on the exam. This caused Steve to show feelings of jealousy towards Satoka, however Sarah, having gotten the same grade as Steve, was indifferent due to other factors. Closeness is a little trickier to deal with. It has to do with the relationship between the two people in question. If they are closely related, one would begin to hypothesize that they would be happy for each other’s successes. That is not what the data suggests. Steve, Satoka and Sarah, in the given problem, are all very close friends. The data suggests that this close bond will cause some tension and perhaps establish competition that could lead to envy and discomfort toward Satoka. (lecture 1/13/03) The last of the three factors is Importance. This is a crucial factor because, if the task in question is not that important to one’s self-concept or maintenance of high self esteem, then the individual simply won’t care enough to let it have any affect on him/herself. (lecture 1/13/03) Steve and Satoka in this example, are both aspiring psychology majors, which is the item that makes this factor so significant, and makes this exam score so important to their self concept. They have established some kind of subconscious competition. Knowing that Satoka has done better then him on the exam, could cause Steve to feel threatened. Satoka might now be a better candidate to be a psych. Major because of his superior performance on the exam. This exam however is not of crucial importance to Sarah’s concept of the self, because she is not in a field relating to psychology. Thus, she has an apposite reaction to the exam score, and Satoka, Processes. Based on the prior description of the factors, and how they relate to Steve and Sarah’s reaction in this situation, one can further infer processes to account for their reactions.. The first process is called comparison. The comparison process states that if another person who is close to you, on a task that is of importance to you, out performs you, you will show resentment, or feel badly. (lecture 1/13/03) The second process is Reflection. As it’s name suggests, this is when you reflect on someone else’s success, and you feel good about yourself, because they performed well. This is the process that Sarah is exemplifying. Recovery. There are three things that Steve can do, (one in relation with each of the factors) in order to relieve himself of this burden of negative feelings towards Satoka. (lecture 1/13/03) The first is that he can change his performance on the task, (do better on the exam) and that will lead to a better feeling when comparing with Satoka’s high score. Another thing he can do is change how close he is with Sataoka, meaning, he would distance himself in the friendship to help save positive self-esteem. Lastly, he could change the amount of emphasis or importance that he places on the exam. One solution would be to change majors. (lecture 1/13/03) Conclusion. The idea of self-concept maintenance is one that the average person deals with in a typical day during the course of his/her interaction with friends and strangers. If the population is all more aware of why we feel the way we do about certain things, it might be possible to prevent a lot of the negative hostility that is harbored for one another in certain situations, especially jealousy among friends. How to cite Why do we care so much?, Papers

Data Analytics and Risk of Fraud †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Data Analytics and Risk of Fraud. Answer: Introduction: Audit of the entity may be defined as an independent examination of the books of accounts of an entity, whether profit making or not, small or big, government or private, prepared by the management. It is using accounting policies and procedures and making use of the estimates and judgements with the view to express and opinion on the financials, whether it is showing the correct view and has been prepared on an unbiased basis. This activity post the closing of the books gives a reasonable assurance to both the internal and external users of the financial statements, a certainty and confidence on the figures quoted. Auditors may use diverse procedures during the audit of an entity depending on the nature of the entity like for a manufacturing concern, emphasis would be on the production areas, sales, purchases of raw material, for a software entity, the emphasis would be on the manpower costs and subcontracting costs, etc. For this, they may use both the substantive and compliance au dit procedures, besides checking compliance with the regulatory and reporting norms prescribed by Accounting board and IFRS committee. Substantive audit procedures include the checking the recording of the incomes and expenses in the books with the respective evidences, invoices, bills, delivery challans, whether they are properly dated and signed and stamped, whether appropriate tax has been calculate and paid on it. Furthermore, it also includes within it ambit the verification of the assets and liabilities recorded in the statement of affairs. This includes checking the basis on which respective assets have been recorded, the basis on which the provision is accounted for, etc. This is mainly performed with the objective of determining and confirming that whatever has been recorded in the books materially exists and a false representation or the window dressing has not been done. In case any discrepancies are noted upfront, these are brought to the notice of the management and pro per justification is asked for. All the substantive audit procedures are done with the methods including inspection of books of accounts and calculations, observation of the records, external confirmation to be taken from the debtors, creditors, banks, etc., inquiry from the external parties, recalculation and reperformance of significant adjustments, etc. All these substantive procedures are mainly aimed at getting the comfortability on the five basic assertions i.e., completeness, rights, existence, valuation and existence of the assets and liabilities(DeZoort Harrison 2016). If the materiality of the errors is found to be more, the auditor has to increase the extent of the audit procedures and apply further checking through the use of analytical audit procedures which generally include analysis of key financial ratios, comparison of the actual from the expected and the budgeted figures, variance analysis, etc . Besides this, the auditor also takes note of the internal control existing in the organisation, if it is strongly built, then the risk would be low and hence the level of checking required would be less. Similarly, if the internal control processes and test of designs are adequately built in the organisation, then automatically the risks would be low and hence the level of checking would be low. All this helps the auditor to plan the audit and to determine the nature, extent and timing of the audit(Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017). In the case study, DIPL is a printing press, which is being subject to audit by Stewart and Kathy, the newly appointed auditors of the company. The company has undergone many changes with respect to the change in the accounting policies and internal IT system, which again was implemented without much testing and validation by the management, therefore the need to do the extended verification and checking arises so that they can give the reasonable assurance about the financials to its users. We have done the ratio analysis based on the information given for the last three financial years to check the status of liquidity, asset management, debt management and solvency, etc(Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016). Observations from Ratio Analysis: From the above analysis, it can be inferred that both the current and the liquid ratio are well below the industry trends of 2 1 respectively. However, it has somehow reached the figure of 1.5 in current ratio in the last financial year which was required to be maintained as per the loan terms for the loan taken from BDO Finance Ltd. The debt equity ratio here has increased almost thrice from 41% to 113%, which shows that the company iis now focusing on meetng its financing needs from the outside sources rather than own souces, However, in road to this, the ratio has exceeded the limit of maximum 1 as was asked to do by the loan financing company. Both the critical asset management ratios, i.e., the receivables cycle and the inventory turnover cycle have shown a drastic increase by approximately 50%, which shows that the company has lost control in maintaining its lag period and collections as a result of which these have increased. In profitability ratios, all the three ratios show that the companys profitability has remained more or less constant over the 3 years indicating there is no growth, i.e., stagnancy in the company. (Jones 2017). Risk identification and mitigation is an important part of nay audit. It is very important that auditor must verify all the records properly so that any kind of risk can be mitigated. It is important on part of the management to support the auditor in all these cases. Three types of risk are a part of the overall auditing process. The first type of risk is inherent risk. Inherent risk in cases where even if the management establishes control, it is not in its hand. This risk does not occur in the general day-to-day activities. These risks cannot be eliminated from the system, they can only be reduced. The second type of risk is the control risk, which occurs when the management has not installed that proper internal control measures, it occurs because of lack of proper management. The management can be held responsible for any kind of damage that might occur because of the same. The last major type of risk is the detection risk which happens when the management, accountant or the aud itors fails to identify the errors and flaws in the accounting books and system. The auditor can be held responsible for the same, and it occurs due to lack of professional scepticism on his part(Grenier 2017). The case study of DIPL has many risk factors, the major amongst which are two. First, the company is changing the routine transactions and methods that are used in the course of accounting. The company is adopting new methods without any proper research. It is highly possible that it will lead to misstatement in the books of account of the company. Here, the company has calculated the depreciation using 20 years useful life of the assets as compared to the industry where the useful life has been assumed to be 30 years. It is also changing the method of valuation of the inventories(Knechel Salterio 2016). All these might lead to over or undervaluation of the accounts and affect the overall functioning of the company. Thus, it is the duty of the company that proper disclosures are given in the books of account, the auditor must check the validity of the same and then make an opinion. It will help in reduction of the overall risk factor that might be involved. The major inherent risk t hat the company is suffering with is the installation of the new IT system without proper planning, testing and control. The company is undertaking the same, without conducting nay reconciliation or research. It might affect the overall productivity of the company. The books might be over or dune valued because of the same. It is thus important that before applying such changes, the management of the company must take expert opinion from outsiders, must judge the overall profitability of the system and then take a decision on the same. The auditor must verify the records properly so that any chances of material misstatement are reduced and the company is able to show the true view of its financials(DeZoort Harrison 2016). Fraud is generally entered into for the profitability puposes by any of the employee or management of the company in order to make the profist by window dressing the books of acounts. Often there are certain personal motives involved behind taking such actions. It is important that while conducting audit, the auditor must apply all kind of procedures so that fraud risk factor can be easily identified and mitigated by the company. This is the most important work of an auditor and it is very necessary that the management of the company provide full support to the auditor. In the given case study of DIPL, there are many fraud risk factor which indicates that there may be material misstatement. Some of them are identifiable and can be mitigated. The major one of them is non segregation of duties amongst the management. Single person handles all the major departments, if that person defalcates the accounts. It will be very difficult for the management to ascertain the same. In this case, we can see that a single personnel has been given all the responsibilities of invoicing, collection, verify the payment, manging all the ledger accounts and reconciliation of the accounts at the end of the period. Moreover the entire cash department which is one of the critical resouces is being handled by a single person in the organisation is there is no control over it. Thus, what is important that the company properly segregate the work, so that proper authority and responsibility can be established? The auditor must see to it that the boos of the company and checked weekly and surprise checks must be undertaken to judge the sincerity of the employees. If any of the employees is found guilty, he must be restricted form the work. Proper it security locks and control system moist be there so that any somewhat mis-happening can be easily avoided(Fay Negangard 2017). The second fraud risk factor might be present in the installation of the new It system; the management of the company installed the same without taking any precautions. The management may themselves be directly responsible for all this as there might be personal hidden motives behind all this such that no one is able to track the frauds, if any, amidst all this. It is thus important as an auditor to gets all the necessary information regarding the new system and reconcile the overall cost and profit. In such a case, it becomes immensely significant that nothing is undervalued or overvalued. The management must take expert opinion, pre installation cost and the management must properly segregate post installation result. It is not only the responsibility but the control mechanism which must be set and practiced by both the company as well as the auditors to have a surprise audit and continuous tracking of the major financials to avoid any fraud by the employees of the company. All thi s will lead to paving the way for quality audit and follow up procedures and clean books of accounts.(Bae 2017) References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Jones, P 2017, Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing, Routledge, NY. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.

Management and workbook process free essay sample

Discuss the management control system in the Patagonia Company. Explain and discuss the nature, context, evolution, elements, processes, strengths, weaknesses/problems of the management control system at Patagonia (including a critical evaluation of the Workbook Process). What makes Patagonia different from many corporate organisations? Everything! Patagonia is a very successful business that has grown at a sensational pace. What is interesting about Patagonia is that the founder’s motivation was never solely about making money, profits and relaying hefty bottom lines. Other things mattered too! The company is very much driven by a culture. This collaborative eco friendly and holistic culture has been created and nurtured by Yvon Chouinard, his wife Malinda and their team. â€Å"Make the best quality product and cause no excess harm† defined the essence of their motivation as relayed by Yvon at the 1996 Corporate Citizenship hosted by President Clinton. (Merchant, Kenneth A. /Van der Stede, Wim A. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and workbook process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / 2007, pg 380) This level of ‘quality’ would filter throughout the flat organisation. The notion of quality would not only define the nature of the goods sold but would however define all aspects of the companies endeavours including how they treated their staff, their stakeholders and our planet earth. How measurable is quality when you account for not only goods but people, their behaviour and their interaction with their external environment? Patagonia evolved in 1957 selling climbing gear made by Yvon in his blacksmith shop. The company began to sell quality outdoor clothes in the 1960’s and in the 70’s the business rapidly developed having become renowned for their innovation in outdoor materials. The business grew organically surprisingly without a focus on wealth accumulation for its founders. It was all about the product, design, process and how each interacted with the environment and all stakeholders involved. Yvon and his wife decided to donate huge amounts of the company’s earnings to environmental causes. Patagonia’s people were like minded. Yvon became increasingly concerned about the preservation of our natural environment and this would become ingrained in Patagonia’s culture. Life as an employee at Patagonia offered a relaxed, open, friendly and holistic community spirit. People were invited to dress ultra casually, enjoy healthy foods at low cost, work flexi hours, avail of onsite childcare facilities and in turn people would work in harmony, be goal congruent and deliver the companies objectives. Although in the beginning there was no formal management control process based on financial objectives the strategic objective was always clear – Quality in all that they do and how they do it! Demand always exceeded supply in the earlier decades so financial measurement control was not considered important as there was a constant supply of money. Control was people orientated and behavioural in nature. There was little bureaucracy and an open system was encouraged. Senior management shared the same office space as everyone else and people were encouraged to participate, ask questions and provide feedback. There were frequent fortnightly open forums held by management where staff could participate. Everybody was valued and people were expected to contribute. The company delivered an incentive scheme and rewarded staff with pooled retained profits. On one incident the employees rejected and returned an $80,000 bonus scheme as they felt the distribution of it was unfair. The company did admit to having difficulty with measuring rewards in line with performance as so much of the company’s objectives were not financial in nature and therefore more difficult to measure. The temporary slump in sales in the early 1990’s prompted a new focus on the bottom line. The managers of Patagonia used personal controls to rectify the problem. Hiring professional managers with the expertise in financial control was required. The company was in the midst of a recession, with more competitors and employees who were frivolous with their expense accounts. In recruiting the professionals the control of the organisation would now move from cultural to a more personal centralised control. The decisions were being made at the top something which was very new at Patagonia. The staffs were left feeling disengaged with the process and after losing 20% of their co workers morale was very low. The open book management style grew from this. The Workbook Process was a control mechanism that involved intense collaboration laterally and vertically within the organisation. Financial information would now be made available to everyone in order to encourage fluidity and understanding of the business. People would be adequately trained so as to understand the information and in turn offer participation and suggestion. The process would have significant cost and time implications but Yvon and Melinda supported the ethos on which it was founded – an open model that would reinforce their culture and encourage synergetic performance. Managers hoped that employees would better understand their own position within the company, increase their awareness in relation to other sub systems and ultimately they would become part of the process hence determining their own destiny and success. Each group participated in an 11 step workbook process which involved for example identifying objectives and missions, interrelations with other sub systems (each with their own cost centre), quantifying and prioritising objectives, feedback systems, budget worksheets, other group priorities etc. The Workbook Process was very detailed in nature and it appeared to involve a huge amount of time. Most employees felt that the process was worthwhile in that it allowed people to bond; it optimised better solutions for the company. These were significant strengths and would suggest that the process was in fact progressive. Would additional control supports or tweaking help? The predominant weaknesses of the process were poor deliverance of financial information i. e. 1 to 2 months behind and a proportion of people refused to engage with the process. They found it tedious. It was not supported by a number of managers also. This caused concern for the other managers. How could The Workbook System be further supported in order to reinforce the benefits and gain further participation from all staff members? Perhaps an incentive scheme with rewards and sanctions would work? Maybe further training was needed? Perhaps stringent budgetary controls were needed? Would you recommend to Patagonia’s management that they continue with or discontinue the Workbook process? Explain your reasons and make recommendations for any changes needed. (Whether to enhance the existing process or to replace it)? If you recommend continuing the process, what would you replace it with? ) A management control system stems from organisations objectives. There is goal ambiguity and conflict in Patagonia. The goals of Patagonia did not include rapid growth similar to most corporations. Patagonia’s goal is the integrity and staying true to their cause. The exploitation of the marketplace was not an option. Yvon’s reasoning for staying in business was in order to make money to attribute to environmental causes. There were other elements high quality and the idea of the man in the wilderness versus the corporate. Therein lies the problem the application of a management control system depends on, is it desirable is it feasible, how you are going to do it and can the results be interpreted. The Work book process or otherwise known as an open book management assumes a relaxed pose. This control mechanism is suited to Patagonia’s culture. However the implementation of this management style is anything but relaxed. The workbook process involves extremely detailed planning, budget and reporting system. These are used to monitor the plans, activities and performance. This is only possible with the co-operation of the entire organisation. The use of pre action reviews and results control has proven beneficial in the financial areas. However in an organisation where there are multiple purposes this leads to difficulty. If Patagonia’s main objective was to maximise profit there would be a clear measure of success. However this is not the case. Environment impacts over time are very difficult to quantify. The workbook process has its advantages and is clearly successful in some business units. Two thirds of the managers are happy with the process. Initially the open book management technique addressed the problem which arrived with the professional managers. The people of Patagonia where similar to Yvon and held a â€Å"contempt for conventional business†. As Yvon and his wife were not happy with the new formal management, it was to be expected staff members would have their issues. The tone at the top has a huge influence. The workbook process facilitates planning in advance. Planning or decision making takes a look at the longer term rather than just the day to day. Through coordination of all different levels and other business units it encourages a combined effort towards the goal. The workbook process can detect problems before they happen. This is a proactive approach rather than waiting for something to go wrong before you react. There are however a number of criticisms of the process. The corporations outlined nine specific goals for the fiscal year 96. These included product design, distribution, operations, environment and personal/training. The workbook process had proven to be successful in establishing whether some objectives had been achieved. However it highlighted the difficulty in judging environment, quality and distribution objectives. These issues have been established a critical success factors for Patagonia, and yet the management control system is unable to evaluate their performance. An evaluation of the benefit versus the cost of the system needs to be addressed. The design is very complex and time consuming. The level of planning and number of meetings needed to discuss the plans leaves very little time for actually doing anything. The third of the organisation which is not content with the formality of the process have been identified as the creative ones. This is not surprising the process is stifling and this is not an atmosphere which promotes innovation. If anything it encourages people to just do what is in the plan and nothing else. There is another issue which has already has been identified as a positive aspect however has negative implications also. The tightness of the pre action reviews in relation to budget. The expense accounts were previously issues for concern. However the frequency and elements which have to be documented seem overbearing. The business units are only allowed spend if senior managers have preapproved the decision. The workbook process was established to give employees more empowerment. This however is certainly not the case in relation to spending money. There is also evidence of tightness in cultural control. The manager of logistics stated that in achieving all of their objectives, there was a feeling of pride. This is akin to someone working for a small business. There is no mention of personal gain. This is not a criticism of her attitude; it is of the work process. There were no incentives aligned to the objectives. The profit sharing plan that was introduced was not based on merit; it was just allocated in equal percentages of base salaries. On the basis of this evaluation we would recommend that Patagonia discontinues the Workbook Process. The process has served its purpose. It has educated the employees in the â€Å"how the company works and how their jobs interface with others†. A control system is applied to ensure that an organisation’s strategy is implemented. This is not the case. The workbook process is focused on the short term. In looking back all the time there is no attention to the objectives which are key to future success. A value driver is an objective which can indicate future success. Examples include product design, quality and customer service. These are all qualities valued by Patagonia. The time and effort to keep this in process in operation is too costly. The staffs are only partially commited which is causing complications. The level of training required is exhaustive. There are people who are not financially minded regardless of how much training they receive. When an organisation focuses all its efforts on financial results, the things that can’t be measured are neglected. Therefore a â€Å"combination of measures† is a much more viable option. To replace the workbook process we would recommend the balanced scorecard. This focuses on financial but also the non financial contributors to success of an organisation. The objectives would be set in relation to the different business units. Production and distribution would have quality and efficiency objectives. RD would be responsible for innovation. HR would look after the quality of life for the employees. Public responsibility would be positioned in the top four as it is inherent within the organisation. This process would be costly to implement. Therefore if it was applied on a group context it may be easier to be the costs down. This would also create co workers monitoring each other’s performance. There would also be the incentive to gain owner ship shares. In measuring shareholder value creation instead of accounting income this would be very beneficial in the long term. This would create an ethos for those who are not loyal to the culture of the organisation already to treat it as their own. This form of measurement would be flexible to change. As the employees have adapted to being involved in the planning of objectives their input would continue to be recognised. The use of pre action reviews would still be in place for large investments. A database warehouse would solve the environmental focus of the legal team and investment in software for tracking inventory.

6 Idioms Using the Word for Dog in French

6 Idioms Using the Word for 'Dog' in French About 40 percent of the French consider their dogs the most important things in their lives. Thats good because there are 10 million of them  in France, which works out to about 17 for every 100 people. Many of the smaller breeds live charmed lives  in handbags, on restaurant chairs or eating gourmet doggie food; the countrys many hunting dogs are tolerated; dogs who chase cars apparently get chained up and sort of forgotten, and a lot of homeless pooches just run free. In the midst of all this is the growing French appreciation for the rights of dogs (and cats, horses, and other pets);  2014  legislation changes their Napoleonic-era status as personal property to living and feeling beings who can be protected from cruelty and inherit wealth.   French Idioms Featuring Dogs Although the French may have a hot-and-cold relationship with their dogs, they are a part of everyday French life and have been for centuries. So naturally, dogs appear often in popular French idioms. Here are six French-language idiomatic expressions using chien, the word for dog in French Actually, the  French word for dog can appear in one of three forms in expressions: as un chien for a male dog, une chienne  for a female dog, or un chiot  for a puppy. The latter is always masculine. Careful: The plural chiottes  is slang for toilets. Traiter quelquun comme un chien Translation: To treat someone like a dogMeaning: To treat them badly, physically or emotionally Mon boss me traite comme un chien;  il me parle agressivement, ne me fait jamais de compliment.My boss treats me like a dog; he speaks aggressively to me, never pays me a compliment. Avoir du chien Translation:  To have some dogMeaning:  To be attractive, to have a lot of charm. Used mainly for women Sylvie n’est pas vraiment belle, mais elle a du chien, et elle a beaucoup de succà ¨s auprà ¨s des hommes.Sylvie is not really pretty, but she has this special something, and she has a lot of success with men. Être d’une humeur de chien Translation:  To be in a dog’s moodMeaning:  To be in a very bad mood Oh la la, je ne sais pas pourquoi, mais je suis d’une humeur de chien ce matin!Oh my, I don’t know why, but I am in a terrible mood this morning! Avoir un mal de chien ( faire quelque chose) Translation:  To have a dog’s pain (to do something)Meaning: To be in a lot of pain OR to find doing something very difficult Hier, je me suis tordu la cheville, et aujourd’hui, j’ai un mal de chien.Yesterday, I twisted my ankle, and today, it hurts like crazy.​ J’ai un mal de chien faire cet exercice de grammaire.I have a very hard time doing this grammar exercise. Dormir en chien de fusil Translation:  To sleep like a gun’s hammer  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Meaning:  To sleep in a fetal position, curled up in  a ball​ Olivier dort allongà © sur le dos et moi, en chien de fusil.Olivier sleeps lying on his back and me, curled up in a ball. Se regarder en chien de faà ¯ence Translation:  To look at each other like china dog statuesMeaning:  To look at each other  in a coiled, aggressive way​ Ils se regardaient en chien de faà ¯ence et on pouvait voir la haine sur leurs visages.They were looking at each other with intensity, and you could see the hatred on their faces.

Health CAre Financing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health CAre Financing - Assignment Example Patients from less well-off families lack insurance to cover their medical care, they are faced with the challenge of unaffordability or unwillingness of physicians to offer health services. Transport services hinder access to care especially in situations where ambulances are unavailable for patients who may be severely injured. Quality of care focuses on the health service provider, how patient’s inability to pay for the service affect the overall delivery of quality service. Unpaid expenses and fees may ground efforts to offer service thus limit access to care. Equity of access shows whether there is any systematic variations in the use and outcome among individuals and groups in the community and if those variations are due to financial or other barriers to care (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). Equity of access is commonly measured by utilization of indicators i.e. looking at the frequency of visits by the patient to a health center. The survey attempts to study the nature of access and the components of utilization (Aday et al., 1980 in Access to Health Care in America, 1993). Outcome indicators i.e. utilization rates are also used to measure access through; survival rate, physical and emotional health (Lohr, 1988 in Access to Health care in America, 1993). Outcome indicators such as mortality rates, ailments that require overnight stay highlights the barriers hindering access to care. Structural barriers, these are hindrances related to place, mode of operation of medical service providers. Individual and cultural barriers impede individuals who need health services, but be recommended as post treatment. Financial barriers, limit patients ability to pay for the health services or doctors from offering services with limited

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Comparison - Essay Example There used to be one green board at the rear wall where we used to put up charts and drawings of our relevant subjects. whereas in US the classrooms I found were very much different from what I have seen in the middle east. the walls were colorful with more wall charts and drawings. The classrooms in the Us were more engaging and meant to keep the students in there more interested in studies. As compared to the schools and classrooms in US, Middle Eastern system had a stricter environment. The students in Middle Eastern schools are well behaved and disciplined as compared to the schools in US. The education system however, is very much better in the US, inspired from which improvements can be made in the education system of Middle East. From my experience, a classroom with a better engaging environment can be of great help to the students. As is seen in the classrooms of schools in US where they have maintained their classrooms according to the standard and age of the students studying in them. They have colorful walls, educational drawings and paintings all over the walls as well as for older and mature students they have all the relevant instruments and technologies within the reach of the students in their classrooms. Most of the schools and classrooms lack these advances thus making an American classroom far better to study and

Concepts of Wellness Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concepts of Wellness - Annotated Bibliography Example This study found that by either keeping elderly patients in the community at large, or creating a substitute community within a care facility, the patients quality of life and well-being could be drastically increased. This study again showed a linkage between emotional wellness, social wellness, and physical wellness. This study reviewed current literature on the connection between spiritual wellness and mental health. The author found that spiritual health could be further broken down into components, which all added up to good spiritual health. One of these components was a sense of community with others who held similar beliefs, so once again links back to social and emotional health. The study found that there were profound implications for mental health treatment in the area of spiritual wellness. This research looked into the wellness needs of online and distance learners in a college setting. The study found that in many cases, the wellness needs of such students were being overlooked. Their intellectual wellness was met through challenging courses and online discussion, but in many cases their social and emotional needs were not met. The implications of this study are that students with lower levels of overall wellness tend to perform less well in their studies, and so more of an effort needs to be made to meet all of the wellness needs of these students in order to help them reach their full potential. This research focused on overall wellness for employees in a university setting. The study found that most of the research subjects had high levels of overall wellness, but were lacking in physical wellness. Poor nutrition and long working hours contributed to this issue. This study shows that even if most of the dimensions of wellness are met, failing in just one area can affect overall health in a significant

Merger of mittal stell and arcelor steel analysis

Merger of mittal stell and arcelor steel analysis This case is about the merger of Mittal Steel Industry and Arcelor Steel Industry which was merged in 2006. This assignment covers the topics of change management and its theories. The case is related to Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) theory. The headquarters are situated in Avenue Da La Liberate, Luxembourg. The business of these 2 companies are served world wide after the merger. The Chairman of the companies is Laxshmi Mittal. These companies deal with many products such as Steel, Flat Steel, Long Steel products, Stainless Steel, Wire products, Plates. The companies not only provide these products in reasonable ranges but also provide good quality. Before the merger Mittal Steel Industry used to produce volume however Arcelor Steel Industry used to produce highest revenues. After the merger these companies became number one steel industry in producing values and revenues as well. The status of the revenue of this merged company in 2009 was US$ 65.11 billion and profit was US$ 118 billion. The operating income was US$ 1.678 billion in 2009. In further pages of this assignment the theories of change management are also related to the cases. TABLE OF CONTENTS Index INTRODUCTION MITTAL STEEL INDUSTRY MITTAL STEEL co. was formed by the merger of LNM HOLDING and ISPAT INTERNATIONAL.LAKSHMI MITTAL who is the CEO of the company, He and his family hold 88% of the company and its headquarter was in ROTTERDAM NETRHERLAND. The company was produced words largest steel in term of volume and also largest in turnover which merge in ARCELOR MITTAL. The company establish a meal stone in the steel world industry ARCELOR STEEL INDUSTRY ARCELOR was established in February 2002 by combining 3 steel making companies i.e. ARCERALIA [SPAIN], ARBED [LUXEMBOURG] and UNISON [FRANCE].In ARCELOR more than 104000 employees was working in 2006 over 60 countries. ARCELOR revenues were 40.6billion euros and its production was 53.5 million tonnes of crude steel. Their products were flat carbon steel, long carbon steel, stainless steel and steel solution and services. The ARCELOR steel and b MITTAL steel merge in ARCELORMITTAL steel in 2006. Now, ARCELOR MITTAL is words no. 1 steel maker company with the revenue of $ 105.2 billion a year. The company produced crude steel and production of crude steel is 116 millions tons per year. It produced 10% of steel in the world. The co. has more than 310000 employees in over 60 countries across 4 continents. The co. is leader in the global market in various fields which has automotives construction household appliances and packaging. Mittal steel was leader in steel industry in terms of volume whereas Arcelor steel was leader in terms of revenue. After merge it becomes highly fragmented steel industry in the world. This industry belong to steel market, it presence in Europe, Asia, America and Africa. It gives the global exposure to the steel industry. Now ARCELOR MITTAL is looking for high growth in Indian and Chinese market. Its also listed with the stock exchange of New York, Luxembourg, Paris Brussels , Amsterdam and Spanish stock exchange of Barcelona Bilboa. Change Management Theories PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) Plan-Do-Check-Act first developed by Walter Shewhart and it was popularized by Edwards Deming. PDCA  (plan-do-check-act) is a four-step problem-solving process typically used in  business improvement. Its also known as Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, PDSA (PLAN DO STUDY ACT), PDCA (PLAN DO CHECK ACT). This Act is useful for change management. The PDCA cycle should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement in an organization. PLAN: To improve your operations first by finding out what things are going wrong (that is identify the problems faced), and come up with ideas for solving these problems. PROCEDURE- Recognize an opportunity and plan a change. DO: Implement the new processes. PROCEDURE- Taking small steps in controlled circumstances for execute the plan. CHECK: Measure the new processes and compare the results against the expected results to ascertain any differences. PROCEDURE- Review the test, analyze the results and identify what youve learned. ACT: Analyse the differences to determine their cause. Each will be part of either one or more of the P-D-C-A steps. Determine where to apply changes that will include improvement. When a pass through these four steps does not result in the need to improve, refine the scope to which PDCA is applied until there is a plan that involves improvement. PROCEDURE- Take action to improve the process Benefits of the PDCA cycle: This cycle can solve the problems, Project management, Daily routine management for the individual and team, Continuous development, New product development. THE CHANGE The merger was started from 27th January 2006 but it finalised on 25th June 2006 It Is valued at 26.8 billion Euros in dollar it was 33.5 billion which was 44% higher than initial offer 18.6 billion Euros MITTAL was the largest share holder with 45% stake in the merged entity. THE MERGER The change was necessary in the Steel Industry and the aim was globalization and consolidation in the Steel Industry. MITTAL defines the deal and set pace for the industry. In June 2006 MITTAL STEEL and ARCELOR reach an agreement to merge the two companies. The combine group which name formed was ARCELOR MITTAL and the head quarter established in Luxembourg. 2006 was a very exciting and growing year for MITTAL ARCELOR because in this year new milestone were achieved by both companies. The company was converted by two companies which lead the industry through mergers and acquisition. Change management was the merger was on the basis of ADHOC basis and it was run on temporary basis. After this the second step was not temporary basis now the ARCELOR adapted the merger and then the new company was formed with the name of ARCELOR MITTAL and it perform all the function of one company and now it leads the whole of the steel industry. ARCELOR + MITTAL = ARCELOR MITTAL ARCELOR MITTAL- BUILDING OUR COMPANY WITH THE NEED OF FUTURE GENERATION IN MIND. WHY CHANGES IMPLEMENTED The aim of company was to become largest company as both company were large but both was in competitor with each other but the aim of the company was to become no. 1 in the steel industry which was not easily possible for both of them individually. Companies want to achieve economy of scale. Economy of scale achievement is very difficult for both of the company. Every company wants to growth but various factor are countable in the way of it. So one of the factors was competition in different field thats why change was necessary for achievement of economy of scale. Steel demand was strong in 2006 in developing industry as the expert shows the relevant data about growing of it thats why one way growth was very difficult in steel industry so change was necessary in steel industry. Both are very strong MITTAL in terms of volume and ARCELOR in terms of revenue which attract to each other. Both knew about their strength and weakness thats why both knew what they are doing because this was the requirement of both of the company. So change is necessary and both companies want to adopt these changes in mutual way. This case can be related to the theory of Plan Do Check Act as following changes were occurred according to the theory: Plan- Both the companies planned to combine with each other as there will be profitable changes after the merger. Do- Both the companies tried to find out the situations of the company that how it can be profitable in the global market. They find out the scale of the economy as the achievement of economy of scale was very difficult for both the companies. Check- The companies checked both the status of the companies as steel demand was strong in 2006 in developing industry so the change was necessary and both companies want to adopt changes in mutual way. Act- Both the companies were very strong in their ways however they finally merged by analysing the future situation and status of the company in the market. They knew their strength and weaknesses so the merger was resulted successful. MARKET POSITION IN REGION AFTER CHANGE NO 1 NORTH AMERICA NO 1 IN WESTERN EUROPE NO 1 IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CIS NO 1 IN SOUTH AMERICA NO 1 IN AFRICA STRATEGIC PRESENCE IN ASIA ACHIVEMENTS AFTER CHANGES Operation of company achieve more than 20 countries The production of steel crossed 116 millions The annual production capacity is 130 million s tonnes Steel shipment produced approximate 110 million tonnes Revenue from shipment is generated 105.2billion US$ Company is announced 35 more acquisition The organic growth of company 20 million tonnes The company has unique capability in the steel industry in the field of R D ARCELORMITTAL GROWTH PLAN IN FUTURE In the shipment company will adopt five year plan in which 20% increase in 5 years It adopt growth plan 2012 and it called growth plan 2012 For 2012 company target focused on 131 million tonnes production Company strategy mainly focused on high growth market and low cost areas The growth plan in 2012 is approximately 75% which have done already or approved For a potential investment of 7billion US$ over 6 years. CONCLUSION WHY THE CHANGE WAS SUCCESSFUL The change management was a synergy change. It is related with the team performance. Both the companies want to work like a team so both were clear in their field thats why change management was successful in these companies. Together they brought iron, technology and marketing expertise which in past they were brought separately it becomes another change which follow both of the company they know their powers in their field so when they combined they use in the combined way and they also share their power in one way thats why change was successful. They follow the merger process which is adept at combining business. The merger process which is follow by many companies but right merger process is that which follow the right way in the right time with the right company. So in this way both company follow the same procedure of successful thats why the change was successful. Both of were knowing the growth of each other thats why they know what they have done and what they earn from this management change because they know where they stand and what they will be done so they know about change very well thats why change process they follow which made history in the steel industry. They was the best competition in the market thats why they knew very well strength and weakness of each other which made best connection with each other which made path for the successful change it shows both of the company leadership techniques for growing one. They have different quality of top level in both ways from the MITTAL point of view the volume they produced and from the ARCELOR point of view revenue they earn so both have unique but also powerful quality in their field which made change successful. Current Status: Total Assets US$ 127.7 billion (2009) Total Equity US$ 65.40 billion (2009) Employees 281700 (2009)

Impure Puritans in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Impure Puritans in The Scarlet Letter In a world where society is disorganized, unhappy, and chaotic, it can be extremely difficult to provide an honest, and just law system. As a result, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, people use their religion (Puritan), as judge, jury, and executioner. For some people, it can be very troublesome to live a normal life when you are surrounded by biased and chauvinistic men and women. In this story, Hester Prynne is a victim of her religion, and her fellow townsfolk. Throughout the book, Hawthorne writes about the townspeople and how they act and behave towards each other, Hester, and life in general. The novel starts with Hester walking towards the town scaffold to be seen for public display, because she committed the crime of adultery. A lane was forthwith opened through the crowd of spectators. Preceded by the beadle, and attended by an irregular procession of stern- browed men and unkindly visaged women, Hester Pyrnne set forth towards the place appointed for her punishment. A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys, understanding little of the matter in hand except that it gave them a half-holiday, ran before her progress, turning their heads continually to stare into her face, and at the wink-ing baby in her arms, and at the ignominious letter on her breast. P. 52, 53 As this is happening, all the people see is the crime that Hester committed, not the person behind it. They do not take into consideration, that the crime itself, is not as evil as they make it out to be. Hawthorne describes it as enjoyable to the spectators, by showing the children watch her and laugh as she makes her way to the scaffold. It's as though the people of the Puritan religion are heartless, ruthless, cold blooded, and that what is going on, is considered fun. Aside from forcing Hester to stand on the scaffold, they make her knit an "A" onto her chest. The "A" symbolizes adultery. The plan was for people to look upon this symbol, pity her, and make Hester feel deprived of humanity. Instead of knitting a simple "A", Hester designs a very complex and elaborate one. The reaction from the people shows how evil some of

Personalities behind the civil rights movement

The Civil Rights Movement was primarily due to discrimination and racism against the African-Americans. It aimed at granting full civil and political rights and equality to all the Americans, regardless of race. This article looks into the earlier phase (1896-1954) of the many movements which constitute the Civil Rights Movements. The Civil Rights Movement would be nothing without the contributions of brave men and women towards the achievement of equal rights. These personalities and leaders made it possible to end slavery, segregation and unfair treatment to the oppressed. Even some of these people were victims themselves who struggled for freedom and justice. These leaders include: Mary McLeod Bethune, John Brown, Linda Brown, Ruby Bridges, Frederick Douglass, Medgar Evers, Marcus Garvey, Jesse Jackson, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Rosa Parks, Homer Plessy, Dred Scott, Sojourner Truth, Nat Turner, Harrit Tubman and Malcolm X. Every one of these leaders has his/her own story to tell, own act of selflessness in order to see the better of the country. Bethune was an African American who became an advisor of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and created an all black school so that black children can study to have good jobs later on and vote wisely; Brown helped in preventing Kansas from being a slave state and helped slaves in escaping from their captors; Linda Brown became famous for fighting the Board of Education of Topeka to help give all black children a good education; Bridges helped in ending segregation in her school. Douglass, once a slave, helped children to read and write and fought for freedom through the speeches he gave; Evers also fought for equality for the blacks in Mississippi; Garvey started the Back to America Movement, meant to help blacks me treated right; Jackson, one of the greatest Civil Rights leader, was the second black American to run for presidency, which he believed was a key to getting more political power for the blacks; and Lincoln played a big role by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which was a declaration of freedom for all slaves. These were just some of those who have great contributions during the Civil Rights Movement. Their primary goal, among others, was to see that every American has equal rights regardless of race or color. To do this, not just whites but blacks must be allowed to have education or to go to an all-whites school. This was important for the blacks because it is one ticket to a good job and future. Achieving this also shows equality in education between blacks and whites. The leaders also fought for the eradication of poverty among the blacks. During those times, their only purpose was being slaves to richer people in their own state. They have no right for freedom, for good jobs around the neighborhood, and for all the good things whites enjoy. The leaders have wanted economic independence for all. Another thing they saw worth fighting for was their right to vote. Many black persons were killed brutally just for encouraging blacks to vote. The whites see this as an insult to them because they think that the blacks have no business dealing with political activities. These leaders also wanted privileges be granted to blacks, especially when it comes to the places where blacks and whites are separated, such as the seating in the buses, bathrooms, housing and school. All these goals constitute social change. The leaders wanted to end the hardships that blacks shouldered everyday. They have also longed for freedom of speech. John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks can be considered great leaders during these times. Their contributions have made many changes in the way blacks were treated in different states. Kennedy was the only president to appoint blacks in different federal positions as a way to end racial discrimination. He issued the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to make way for equal treatments and rights. This act abolished the discrimination on buses. Whites and blacks alike can now sit wherever they want to. It abolished discrimination in housing. Before, blacks lived in the seedier parts of town. Only whites have the right to clean, better and richer areas. Kennedy’s Executive Order # 11063 ended this. The act also abolished discrimination in voting and education. King, on the other hand, also played an important role during the Civil Rights Movement. He believed in peaceful demonstrations and rallies, protests and marches to fight against Jim Crow Laws, which segregate blacks and whites. He wanted blacks to enjoy the same privileges as the whites such as voting. His leadership brought about changes and the Jim Crow was defeated. Blacks were able to enjoy the things that used to be denied them. Lastly, Parks became instrumental in sparking the Civil Rights Movement. She was arrested one night for refusing to give the seat to a white passenger in the bus. She was found guilty, and had to pay a fine. Although she lost the case, her arrest made way for the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted a year. Her lawyers then filed suit against the segregation, saying it was unconstitutional. This effort was not wasted when the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Parks’ lawyers. The segregation on the buses was finally over. REFERENCE Payne, Charles M. (1995). I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mythology Essays - Dionysus, Mythological Kings, Free Essays

Mythology Essays - Dionysus, Mythological Kings, Free Essays Mythology Introduction This project will focus on the adventures of Dionysus and his interactions with other people. I will also show what Dionysus stands for and is depicted by. You will learn about his lifestyle and the way he affected others? lives. I will explain his family and birth and I will tell the story of the few who dare to oppose Dionysus. Family Dionysus? father was Zeus(Jupiter), king of the gods. Zeus played a very important role in Greek mythology as he was the father of many significant gods. He was the ultimate ruler of Heaven and Earth and had control over meteorological phenomenon. In most legends, Semele was the mother of Dionysus while Orphic legends recorded Persephone as being Dionysus? mother. Semele was the beautiful daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. Her affair with Zeus was strictly secret and later caused her death. Hera(Zeus? wife) found out that they were having an affair and made Zeus kill Semele. As an adult, Dionysus rescued Semele from the underworld and made her a goddess known as Thyone. When Semele died, she was still pregnant with Dionysus in her womb. Zeus came along and rescued Dionysus from Semele?s ashes and sewed Dionysus into his hip until he was ready to be born. Basic Information Dionysus was mainly recognized as the god of wine. He was almost always drunk, and he made people happy with his wine. He traveled around teaching the art of wine making and the cultivation of the vine. Dionysus was also fairly well known as an artistic god. Most of the plays and dramas were in his honor. Drama and poetry both play an important role in the worship of Dionysus. His symbols were grapes, rams, thyrsus, and serpents. His domain was vegetation, pleasure, freedom, and civilization. Dionysus is sometimes referred to as Bacchus and in Roman mythology Dionysus was known as Liber. Dionysus could make people light- hearted and happy or he could make them sad and unhappy. Stories Dionysus? Kidnapping This is a story of which I have found in many different books, however, only two versions were somewhat different. One version containing the character of Acetes, and the other without Acetes. Some pirates saw Dionysus and they assumed by his appearance that he had rich parents, so they decided to capture and sell him for ransom. They took Dionysus onto the ship and attempted to bind him with ropes, however, the ropes broke as soon as they touched Dionysus. One crew member pleaded to let him go, for the breaking of the ropes convinced him that Dionysus was a god, but the other crew members were stubborn and ignored him. The crew members soon found out that Dionysus was angered when he turned into a lion and fragrant wine started flowing down the ship?s deck. Soon after, vines and ivy spread around the ship and the terrified pirates began to turn into dolphins. One by one they leaped into the sea. END. A group of pirates see a strong, and healthy young man and they figure they could make a good profit selling him as a slave in Egypt. One pirate, by the name of Acetes, urged the other crew members to sail wherever the visitor(Dionysus) wished. The pirates were greedy and set sail toward Egypt when all of a sudden lions appear and crouch at their feet. In the background, sounds of flutes were heard and each pirate(except for Acetes), gradually transforming into dolphins, leaped into the water. Dionysus told Acetes to sail toward the island of Naxos and Acetes eagerly obeyed. It is on the island of Naxos where Dionysus meets and falls in love with Ariadne. Dionysus? Romance With Ariadne After Dionysus was kidnapped by pirates, he was dropped off on the island of Naxos. While in Naxos, Dionysus met Ariadne who had been abandoned on the island. He took pity on her and they soon fell in love. When Ariadne died, Dionysus took the golden crown he had given her and placed it among the stars. END. Dionysus met Ariadne on Naxos, he quickly wooed her and won her over. Soon after, they got married and during the wedding celebrations Dionysus took Ariadne?s bridal garland and threw it into the sky where it became

I Can Fly A Kite Essays - Lynchburg Metropolitan Area, Lynchburg

I Can Fly A Kite Essays - Lynchburg Metropolitan Area, Lynchburg I Can Fly A Kite I can fly a kite, make a great roast beef sandwich, read an entire Patricia Cornwell paperback book in less than a day and change a diaper without flinching. These characteristics combined are what separate me from the hundreds of other students that apply to Lynchburg College, that and the fact that I am applying with only one week left before classes start. Writing this college essay seven days before the start of the spring semester at Lynchburg College is a very unusual move for me to be making; but I have come to the conclusion that this is the only place I want to be. My entire life I have never been spontaneous. All my decisions have been well thought out and planned, this decision is no different, I just went about it a little quicker, with a lot less time to spare. I began my freshman year at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island. Choosing Roger Williams University was a decision that I made without understanding the important issues I needed to consider in orde r to thrive in a college environment. Now, after experiencing college for myself, I realize that Roger Williams does not have what I am looking for. I didnt consider quality of education when I chose Roger Williams, the school had the major I wanted, communications, but when I started taking classes there the program was not as developed as I would have liked. Although I did well in all my classes, I felt that the education I would continue to receive if I stayed at Roger Williams would not be as beneficial to me as the educational oppurtunites elsewhere. Looking at Lynchburg I saw that not only was there Communications Print/Broadcast journalism major, but a Speech Communications major as well. My original plan was to finish freshman year at Roger Williams, and then go someplace that could meet my needs; this was until I visited Lynchburg College. When I saw the college, all I could think of was how much I would love to attend school there, but I never even considered it an option. I thought I was stuck at Roger Williams, until I realized that the only way I was going to be happy was if I made things happen for myself. I realized that Lynchburg College was exactly what I had been looking for, and everything about the educational opportunities, social opportunities, location and just the general environment I observed was something I wanted to be a part of, and contribute to. I was making this decision hoping that the opportunity would still be there for me to apply to Lynchburg with not very much time to spare. I am determined to get the best of both worlds for myself, I want to receive a quality education and at the same time have a great time and make the best of these next four years of my life. I have come to the conclusion that in order to make this happen for myself Lynchburg College is where I should continue my education. Thank you for the opportunity to try and make this take place.

The Case of the Rewired Supply Chain Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Case of the Rewired Supply Chain - Coursework Example Organization lacks a linkage between their various arms. These problems are discussed below with appropriate solutions. Problems The problems in the company can be classified in two categories i.e. strategic and operational. Both of them are discussed below: Strategic ORUN have become very independent in its local procedures. Communication is present in the plant but not in local headquarters. Due to this problem of communication, results of various transactions are not reaching to the headquarters on time. All plants are so independent that they have their own metrics and measurement systems. This is resulting in confused staffing reports. There is no agreement in the companies that which products are profitable and which are not. Company is not working on the value contribution in its products. Supply chain procedure of the company is quite traditional and long. It should revise its supply chain management system. The overall cost of the company in conducting business is high. Ther e is a lack of proper planning, organizing and forecasting. Operational Inventory management in the company from production to final delivery has become quite costly, because all operations are performed by its own departments. This involves more workers, raw material management, pay scales etc. Due to lack of proper management systems there is excess in raw materials and finished goods inventories. There is not a balance between supply and demand of products. There is a problem in its manufacturing operation systems. Contribution of suppliers is unknown by the company. There is an absence of supplier management program. This analysis shows that company is facing many issues on both strategic and operational level. It is imperative to control the present condition of the entity in order to be competitive in future. 1.2 Using the facts of the case, as well as theories and best practices that you have learned in the PROC 5820, Operations Management course, prepare a short description as to what you intend to do to address each of the 5 goals above Many methodologies can be used for operations management such as SCOR, it is a supply chain management model proposed by Supply Chain Council. Another model which is frequently used for management of operations is SCM which is proposed by global supply chain forum. These five goals of the company can be achieved by using SCM model. Supply chain management system SCM will help the company to change management functions of individuals and will help to integrate all the activities in the supply chain process. It will result in efficient communication among all departments and will reduce the excess inventory. For instance, the purchasing department places an order with all known information. Marketing department will be able to respond to the customer demand. It will enable to communicate with suppliers in order to fulfill customers demand. This kind of information shared among various supply partners will promote integra tion in the whole system. This will promote standardization among suppliers and will lead to improvement in the overall supply chain management system. Procurement Company should consider bulk shipments, through this supplier will reduce the transportation cost on imported raw materials and one will be able to receive more credit by suppliers. This can be done only through implementing effective information technology systems, so that the communication gap between different plants can be reduced. This should not

Critical Thinking and Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking and Persuasion - Essay Example The potential market is 2.5 million thus with the proper mechanism the TAMY would be able to ripe big from the proceeds contributed by the market. The market potential means that the firm needs to hire a firm that is aware of the current market events and is experienced in the systems used by TAMY. The firm has experience on major fronts. The firm has the capacity to handle logistically as a section of a firm is mandated to the function. The firm has had experience working with the private sector. This means the firm has the capacity to handle pressure and work based on quality output. The firm’s public relation traits are essential, as they would play an important role in attracting the public back to the Transit Authority of Metropolitan Yorkville (TAMY) services. The firm could be able to handle request from customers hence increase capacity. Their experience in demanding fields such as the campaign could be essential while developing a brand to be recognized by the market. The firm, however, had its shortfalls. The firm lacks experience in the transportation industry. This implies that the firm may fail to deliver according to expectation. The firm’s lack of knowledge in the transportation field would mean DeWitt could fail to identify the potential market while at the same time fail to identify the market adjustments that should be made to ensure the firms revive its previous reputation. DeWitt could worsen the current situation as it may fail to identify the industry’s high season and low seasons. The focus should be how to adjust operations to cater for the high seasons and low season. The firm should not be considered based on their lack of experience in the public transportation industry. The firm has experience in the transportation industry. This is evident in their involvement with other Transit system firms. This is the experienced need to improve the overall performance of TAMY.

Marketing and Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing and Distribution - Essay Example It aims to paint a positive image for its brand in its efforts to cultivate a favorable impression from the buying public. This display of responsible and ethical conduct gains goodwill from the consumers and the community directly affected by its production operation (Heath, 2005, 368). Secondly, Nescafe Plan is also a measure to enhance good relations between the company and its suppliers. Nescafe is communicating the message that it takes care of those it deals with, hence, assures loyalty and even hard work from the farmers in the process. This also goes to other suppliers of Nescafe and Nestle. There is a clear message that working for the organization is an opportunity. Suppliers and workers are not slaves but instead, they are treated as partners in growth. 3. Although the website does not have a comments section, there is a button that enables visitors to share the website in social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Youtube. In addition, a section is provided that contains comprehensive contact details, if visitors want more information or have questions. This approach tells about the intent to disseminate information and perhaps initiate public discussion indirectly, which could work in Nescafes favor as it may not be seen as a blatant marketing

Company Profile of Siemens Essay Example for Free

Company Profile of Siemens Essay Siemens is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company. [1] Siemens is organised into six main divisions: Industry, Energy, Healthcare, Equity Investments, Siemens IT Solutions Services and Siemens Financial Services. Human Resources Perspective : Siemens 3i Program The human resources perspective combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation. Siemens humanistic perspective on management is reflected on its 3i program, which applies Theory Y assumptions to tap into employee creativity and mind power. The 3i Program(ideas, impulses, initiatives) encourages ideas and suggestions from employees and rewards these initiatives. There are direct and indirect ways for improvement suggestions. Employees can either contact supervisor directly to voice their ideas (direct) or submit their suggestions to the 3i office, who will step in to find the responsible department(indirect). Employees will be rewarded if their improvement suggestions are adopted. Siemens has a huge number of motivated employees and thus enormous creative potential on ideas for improving work surroundings, optimizing processes, saving money or enhancing competitiveness. Today 100,000 3i suggestions a year are put into practice-at Siemens AG in Germany alone. [3] This Theory Y approach enables the company be rewarded by premiums totaling â‚ ¬300 million. Impact of Social Forces : Training in Siemens  Social forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people. One social force is the changing attitudes, ideas and values of Generation Y employees, who want a work environment with access to opportunities to learn and further their careers and personal goals. [4] In response to the social force of Gen Y workers, Siemens provides development programs teaching new skills or extending the skills employees already have. There are On-the-job training and Off-the job training. On-the-job training is conducted at the place of work through mentoring, shadowing, coaching, job rotation. Off-the job training takes place away from workplace through courses, presentations and qualifications. For entry level employees, Siemens has three main development programmes: apprenticeships, Siemens Commercial Academy and Siemens Graduate Programmes. These programs develop employees with the essential skills set they need in their everyday role and equip them for a long-term career at Siemens. By improving the development opportunities, employees feel the company values them. The motivation theories of Herzberg and Maslow show that staff work better when valued. This delivers long-term commitment and ensures benefits to the company. Knowledge Management Model : ICN/ICM ShareNet Siemens Information and Communication Networks(ICN)ShareNet is a community of around 18,000 sales, marketing, business and R D people of Siemens ICN and ICM. ShareNet networks these experts globally and lets them share and develop their knowledge in order to create better customer solutions. 5]It focuses on enabling employees to transfer their tacit knowledge into explicit information. Whats more, ShareNet is independent of time zones and organizational structures, so urgent questions are generally answered within a few hours. ShareNet provides real life experience thus saves precious time in all phases of the value creation process. In addition to time, ShareNet saves consulting fees for Siemens, because the knowledge and analyses of external consultants reports are made available on a global scale whenever possible.

Studying The Poetry Of Plath And Hughes

Studying The Poetry Of Plath And Hughes Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 February 11, 1963) and Ted Hughes (17 August 1930 28 October 1998) are known as some of the best poets of all time. They wrote with passion and flare and their poetry brought fire to the souls of their readers. I have always found that Hughes last poetry book, Birthday Letters, was, in short, a reply to the feelings between him and Sylvia, those judging him for her death, and, in some small form, Sylvias poetry. In this essay, I will be discovering the core significances and connections found between their poetry. I will take two poems from each poet and analyze each one, find the links between one and the other or, in some cases, their life. I will begin with Sylvia Plaths The Courage of Shutting Up, which was written in 1962, during the same week in which she wrote The Detective, The Courage of Shutting Up and a series of poems collectively called Bees The Bee Meeting, The Arrival of the Bee Box, Stings, The Swarm, and Wintering. The courage of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery! unlocks the beginning of Sylvia Plaths The Courage of Shutting-Up, a poem written about the cruel circularity of fury, the way it makes the disks of the brain revolve, like the muzzles of cannon, a needle journeying in its groove. One of the many poems Plath wrote in her illustrious eruption of passionate rage in the autumn of 1962 after becoming aware of Ted Hughess unfaithfulness, this poem was part of the monstrous bombings of literature that Plath let soar throughout the course of the twentieth centurys most well-known poetic outburst. When Hughes betrayed Plath, she grinded her pen into a knife and went used in the only way she knew how. Intimacy became her nuclear warhead: living beneath someones skin always makes it easier to condemn them. Many times she tells herself in her journals I think the worst thing is to exteriorize those jitterings so I try and shut up and not blither to Ted. His sympathy is a constant temptation. She argues with herself throughout her life about things she should and shouldnt say to Ted Should I tell the boy, before its too late warn him to set his sights on other prey more domesticated prey, at that. Or should I just shut up and plunge maybe making us both unhappy. This poem seems to be the release of every pent up emotion, thought, secret, that she ever held inside, that she ever kept from him, that she ever kept her mouth shut about. The title The Courage of Shutting up, previously known as The Courage of Quietness, gives an excellent summary of the poem, although, without reading it, there could be many assumptions about it. For example: A suffering child, a mute, a mime, and many more examples spring to the minds of those with true imagination. As in many of Plaths poetry, there is no rhyming scheme, which could be her way of portraying her anger, how she is so outraged by all the secrets she has kept, that she does not care for rhymes anymore. Another example is that she lets some of her lines flow over into the next. In the first stanza she makes it clear that she is holding back some deep dark secrets inside her by the simple mention of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery!, signifying that she has a great many secrets to tell, shamefully though, she has not told them. The line pink and quiet, a worm gives the image of the tongue sitting peacefully in its confinement, the mouth, the head, the mind, but the word basking gives us the impression that it is just waiting, for its time, for its moment, for the mind to finally give in to the temptation of letting go all of the secrets balled up inside of it. Her disks of outrage emphasise this idea, as black disks seem to be referring to a pair of black old records, filled with secrets that are meant to be played. Her outrage at the knowledge of her husbands infidelity could have been one of the inspirations for this idea. The outrage of the sky leaves us under the impression that her anger is so greats that it fills the sky itself and the last line leans strongly towards the thought that the disks in her mind, which could also be referred to as her mind, her memories, ask to be played, or in the minds case, relived or told but without their needle, their tongue, that lay basking quietly, untiring, their story can never be told. The second stanza is also filled with rages, as she explains that her disks are filled with memories of bastardies, bastardies, usages, desertions and doubleness which could be interpreted as a rough translation of all the awful sufferings her husband put her through. Her needle, or, in medical terms, tongue, plays around inside her mouth, or its groove. Her tongue is her most prized weapon. Her inner beast could be considered her dagger, her whip, it is her secret weapon, per say. During the final part of the second stanza and most of the third, describes a surgeon turned into a tattooist. This could be construed as her take on her transformation from a great poet laureate, to a housewife and a mother. Obviously she loves her children, but if you take this description how most do, she is clearly describing how she felt during her writers block. Shes tattooing over the same blue grievances, in other words, shes describing how she wrote, what she apparently considered to be, the same awful poems, over and over. The mention of The snakes and the babies gives a huge reminder of Edge, leaving us under the impression that one could have something to do with the other and that The Courage of Shutting Up could have influenced, or at least slightly inspired Edge. The fact that she says he is quiet and that he has seen to much death, his hands are full of it gives the idea that she thought she had written too many failed poetry attempts to try and go back and try again. So the disks of the brain revolve like the muzzles of cannon, could be describing how her memories replay themselves over and over in her head, grinding at her mind to speak the bastardies that she knows so deeply of. When she mentions the antique billhook, the tongue she is describing once again how dangerous her words would be if they were released. The billhook is a traditional cutting tool used mainly in forestry for cutting smaller woody materials such as shrubs and branches. If her words were only set free they would destroy her enemy with indefatigable power, meaning that she is extremely persistent and untiring. It must be cut out because it has nine tails like a cat o nine tails whip. There are three ways to lash with this type op whip. Soft lashings leave marks but they will heal, severe lashings leave scars that will not heal and savage lashings can kill. Clearly Plath was set to kill, which is why her whip must be cut out. It even flays from the air, once it gets going, w hich gives it even more power and even more reason for it to be cut off. However, in the fifth stanza we see that the antique billhook, the tongue has been put by, cut out, silenced, maybe even tongue-tied up with the fox heads, the otter heads, the heads of dead rabbits, which could be interpreted as a strange representation of all the women that Plaths husband had been with so it may be her description of how he was trying to put her up there with them. Clearly he failed. However, when we consider this from a different perspective, there is the possibility of the heads being her past poetry, a vast collection of different animals, some more dangerous than others but none so dangerous as the tongue itself that put all of those heads up there. Plath describes it as marvellous, so it is clear that it is one of her most prized possessions. It has pierced many things in its time; meaning that her spike of a tongue has pierced many a person or, some people might think it has silenced them when in a verbal discussion. When she mentions the eyes, the repetition of the eyes enhances their significance; perhaps she is referring to the well known phrase If looks could kill. She continues to write that mirrors can kill and if she is comparing mirrors to her eyes like some would think, one could assume she is speaking of how eyes mirror emotions, feelings, etc as they are Terrible rooms in which a torture goes on one can only watch showing that there is pain and suffering in the eyes but one can only sit and watch it play out in the eyes as if in shock, entrancement, or from paralysation. However, she mentions after to not worry about the eyes probably insinuating that they cannot actually kill anything or anyone. They are white and shy signifying purity, innocence. Perhaps she seeks to show that she does not use her eyes to kill, but her words. Also, in the last stanza, Plath describes how her eyes are not stool pigeons, meaning a criminals look out or a decoy, so they are not purposely looking for anything. She says that they are folded like flags and it is well known that in some countries when a soldier is killed the flag is folded in a certain way and given to the soldiers family. Their death rays folded like flags Of a country no longer heard of, An obstinate independency Insolvent among the mountains. Moving onto the selected poems by Ted Hughes, Freedom of Speech was published in 1998 along with all the others found in Ted Hughes Birthday Letters, about his relationship with the American poet Sylvia Plath, who committed suicide in 1963, the book was described as Book of poems breaks Hughes long silence on Plaths life and death. The title Freedom of Speech doesnt really give an exceptional overview of the narrative poem, it seems to hint towards the idea that everyone in the poem with the exception of the author himself, who is mentioned in the poem, and the person he is addressing are speaking, smiling, laughing, etc. There doesnt seem to be any kind of rhyme scheme, but there a few random lines in which a half rhyme can be found, could this be a possible indication of how scattered everything described in the poem is, the fact that everyone is laughing but him and her, the main characters, the birthday girl, could make everything rather disrupted. He does not end each line with a comma or a full stop, like is usually done in an a b a b rhyming scheme, which tends to be the most frequent, he lets a few of the lines spill over into the next, enhancing the idea of a scattered, desperate stream of consciousness throughout the poem. The theme is clearly fictional, as it is impossible for the person he is addres sing to actually be there on her sixtieth birthday because she had ended her life thirty years before. He describes Sylvia as a quiet bystander, sitting in silence, feeding her last book, her last love, grapes from her lips pursed like a kiss. The word kiss refers to her love for the book Ariel which was a gathering of the last poems she wrote before she committed suicide after a life of depression which ended in loneliness in 1963. The word kiss also gives the impression that Sylvia is caressing the book, and the ss also makes it sound so. The fact that the author describes the two as Ariel sits on your knuckle in the cakes glow stands to reason that she and the book are in darkness, lighted only by the cakes glow, as it would not have been that bright had the lights been on. This bring up the question: Does this mean the whole room was in darkness or just that plain solid area in which the tortured poetess and her last poetry book could be found? If it be that Hughes is trying to demonstrate that the whole room is in darkness, then the party was clearly a false and it is quite possible that he was lying to her about everyone laughing so that she would start the laughter and happiness. The trouble is that since the person referred to is clearly void of such emotions and, to be frank, isnt even there, he could be talking to himself, willing himself to start the laughter. If however the whole room is bright minus that one area in which the cake sits, in which Sylvia and her last love sits, then this has turned into a com pletely different poem. If the second option is true, then it seems that the person being referred to is a sort of ghost, sitting in the darkness, remaining solemn and unemotional, haunting him on this memorable day, her sixtieth birthday, a full thirty years after her suicide in 1963. It has always been discussed that Hughes never stopped loving or thinking about Miss Sylvia Plath and the fact that Ted Hughes even wrote the book of poems which includes Freedom of Speech supports that theory because clearly he must have thought about her often to write such a long and elaborate poetry book. In the second stanza the narrator describes the others as laughing, as if grateful. This could be trying to tell her that they are grateful to be invited, to be in the presence of such esteemed poets. There is a huge group of people the whole reunion, old friends and new friends, some famous authors, your court of brilliant minds, and publishers and doctors and professors. The entire third and fourth stanza gives the effect of a metaphor, as it has given human qualities to dead relatives, inanimate objects and the flowers around them. The description of Sylvia herself could be construed as a metaphor as it is impossible for her to actually be there as she died thirty years ago. His sense of wording in the last three stanzas are noticeable as he mentions that the children are hers, not theirs, and yet simply calls Ariel by its name, giving the illusion that Ariel is a single-minded being that Sylvia did not create, and if she did it was not alone as it was Hughes who discovered the poems and put them together, so he obviously does not say it is hers because he was also a part of its creation as he put the poems together and corrected all her mistakes that he found in the poems. The one last mentionable point is that he uses capital letters in the last line when he says Only You and I do not smile. Normally when someone uses the word you there is no capital letter but he has used one and has obviously done it for a reason. This could be to illustrate her importance in his life, to make her seem more important because at the time she is there with him, on her sixtieth birthday, sitting solemnly in the darkness with her last love, Ariel, and because of that Hug hes cannot join in on the fun everyone else is experiencing because he feels attached to her, haunted by her spirit being there. In conclusion, an analysis of Freedom of Speech shows that this poem is an author-oriented, first-person, single-angle (only the viewpoint of Hughes is shown) narrative poem which contains a mixture of modes (prose and verse). The courage of shutting up The courage of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery! The line pink and quiet, a worm, basking. There are black disks behind it, the disks of outrage, And the outrage of the sky, the lined brain of it. The disks revolve, they ask to be heard- Loaded, as they are, with accounts of bastardies. Bastardies, usages, desertions and doubleness, The needle journeying in its groove, Silver beast between two dark canyons, A great surgeon, now a tattooist, Tattooing over and over the same blue grievances, The snakes, the babies, the tits On mermaids and two-legged dream girls. The surgeon is quiet, he does not speak He has seen too much death, his hands are full of it So the disks of the brain revolve, like the muzzles of cannon. Then there is that antique billhook, the tongue, Indefatigable, purple. Must it be cut out? It has nine tails, it is dangerous And those it flays from the air, once it gets going! No, the tongue, too, has been put by, Hung up in the library with the engravings of Rangoon And the fox heads, the otter heads, the heads of dead rabbits. It is a marvellous object- The things it has pierced in its time. But how about the eyes, the eyes, the eyes? Mirrors can kill and talk, they are terrible rooms In which a torture goes on one can only watch The face that lived in this mirror is the face of a dead man. Do not worry about the eyes- They may be white and shy, they are no stool pigeons, Their death rays folded like flags Of a country no longer heard of, An obstinate independency Insolvent among the mountains. Freedom of Speech At your sixtieth birthday, in the cakes glow, Ariel sits on your knuckle. You feed it grapes, a black one, then a green one, From between your lips pursed like a kiss. Why are you so solemn? Everybody laughs As if grateful, the whole reunion Old friends and new friends, Some famous authors, your court of brilliant minds, And publishers and doctors and professors, Their eyes creased in delighted laugher even The late poppies laugh, one loses a petal. The candles tremble their tips Trying to contain their joy. And your Mummy Is laughing in her nursing home. Your children Are laughing from opposite sides of the globe. Your Daddy Laughs deep in his coffin. And the stars, Surely the stars, too, shake with laughter. And Ariel What about Ariel? Ariel is happy to be here. Only you and I do not smile.